Computer Hardware Terms

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Internet Terms

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Text/Number Based Terms

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Data Transfer and Management Terms

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Miscellaneous Characters

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Information Protection and Security

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File Transferring, Networks, and their Devices

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Web Page Languages and their Formats


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Word
Definition
Citation
BUS
A common pathway between resources and devices.
www.techweb.com
CPU
Central Processing Unit; the main part of the computer.
www.techweb.com
URL
Uniform Resource Locater; the address that defines the route to a file on an Internet server
www.techweb.com
Parallel
A multiline channel that transfers one or more bytes simultaneously.
www.techweb.com
Serial
A shared channel that transmits data one bit after the other over a single wire or fiber; for example, Ethernet uses serial bus architecture. The I/O bus from the CPU to the peripherals is a parallel bus.
www.techweb.com
SCSI
Small Computer System Interface; SCSI is a hardware interface that allows for the connection of up to 15 peripheral devices to a single PCI board called a "SCSI host adapter" that plugs into the motherboard.
www.techweb.com
RS-232
Recommended Standard; A TIA/EIA standard for serial transmission between computers and peripheral devices (modem, mouse, etc.).
www.techweb.com
USB
Universal Serial Bus; A widely used hardware interface for attaching peripheral devices.
www.techweb.com
Firewire
A high-speed serial bus developed by Apple and Texas Instruments that allows for the connection of up to 63 devices.
www.techweb.com
Hard drive
The primary computer storage device, which spins, reads and writes one or more fixed disk platters.
www.techweb.com
Floppy drive
A reusable magnetic storage medium introduced by IBM in 1971. It was called a floppy because the first varieties were housed in bendable jackets.
www.techweb.com
CD-ROM/RW drive
Compact Disc Read Only Memory; A compact disc format used to store programs and data files; Compact Disc-ReWritable; the only rewritable CD technology.
www.techweb.com
Desktop
  1. A single-user computer
  2. The main workspace in a graphical user interface such as Windows or Macintosh Systems. Users open and work with files and programs on the desktop, and can store files and shortcuts there as well. The user can also customize the look of the desktop with images or wallpaper and custom icons.
www.techweb.com
www.visionsofadonai.com/onrampglossary.html
SIMM
Single In-line Memory Module; An earlier printed circuit board that holds memory chips and plugs into a SIMM socket on the motherboard.
www.techweb.com
DIMM
Dual In-Line Memory Module; A printed circuit board that holds memory chips and plugs into a DIMM socket on the motherboard.
www.techweb.com
RAM
Random Access Memory; A type of memory chip that is "byte addressable" and provides direct access to any location on the chip.
www.techweb.com
COM1
The name assigned to the first serial port.
www.techweb.com
ROM
Read Only Memory; A memory chip that permanently stores instructions and data.
www.techweb.com
NIC
Network Interface Card
www.techweb.com
URI
(Uniform Resource Identifier) The addressing technology for identifying resources on the Internet or private intranet.
www.techweb.com
SGML
(Standard Generalized Markup Language) An ISO standard for defining the format in a text document.
www.techweb.com
HTML
(HyperText Markup Language) The document format used on the Web. Web pages are built with HTML tags (codes) embedded in the text.
www.techweb.com
HTTP
(HyperText Transfer Protocol) The communications protocol used to connect to servers on the Web.
www.techweb.com
XML
(EXtensible Markup Language) An open standard for describing data from the W3C. It is used for defining data elements on a Web page and business-to-business documents.
www.techweb.com
XHTML
(EXtensible HTML) A markup language for Web pages from the W3C. XHTML combines HTML and XML into a single format (HTML 4.0 and XML 1.0).
www.techweb.com
ISP
(Internet Service Provider) An organization that provides access to the Internet. Connection to the user is provided via dial-up, ISDN, cable, DSL and T1/T3 lines.
www.techweb.com
Blog
A dated text entries in reverse chronological order (most recent first) about a particular topic.
www.techweb.com
Wiki
A Web site that can be quickly edited by its visitors with simple formatting rules.
www.techweb.com
Net neutrality
Refers to the absence of restrictions placed on the type of content carried over the Internet by the carriers and ISPs that run the major backbones.
www.techweb.com
Binary number
A number system to the base 2.
www.techweb.com
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal means 16. The base 16 numbering system is used as a shorthand for representing binary numbers.
www.techweb.com
Octet
An eight-bit storage unit. In the international community, octet is often used instead of byte.
www.techweb.com
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange; Pronounced "ask-ee," it is the built-in binary code for representing characters in all computers except IBM mainframes, which use the EBCDIC coding system.
www.techweb.com
Font
A set of type characters of a particular typeface design and size.
www.techweb.com
Font family
A set of fonts of the same typeface in assorted sizes, including bold, italic and bold italic variations.
www.techweb.com
Sans serif
A typeface style without serifs, which are the short horizontal lines added at the tops and bottoms of the vertical member of the letter. Helvetica is a common sans-serif font.
www.techweb.com
Serif
Short horizontal lines added to the tops and bottoms of traditional typefaces, such as Times Roman.
www.techweb.com
Italic/oblique
Italic/oblique
www.techweb.com
Mono-spaced
A type font where all characters have the same width.
www.rockprint.com/dictionary.shtml
Proportionally spaced
Opposite of mono-spaced?

Point
In typography, a unit equal to 1/72nd of an inch, used to measure the vertical height of a printed character.
www.techweb.com
Character
A single alphabetic letter, numeric digit, or special symbol such as a decimal point or comma.
www.techweb.com
Word
Definition
Citation
RF
(Radio Frequency) The range of electromagnetic frequencies above the audio range and below infrared light (from 10 kHz to 300 GHz).
www.techweb.com
FAT
(File Allocation Table) The original file system used in DOS, Windows and OS/2. The FAT keeps track of where data are stored on disk.
www.techweb.com
NTFS
(NT File System) An optional file system for Windows NT, 2000 and XP operating systems. NTFS is the more advanced file system, compared to FAT32.
www.techweb.com
IR (infrared)
An invisible band of radiation at the lower end of the visible light spectrum. Widely used in most audio and video remote controls, infrared transmission is also used for wireless connections between computer devices (see IrDA) and a variety of detectors.
www.techweb.com
Modem
Since the advent of high-speed cable and DSL connections, modem may refer to devices for low-speed dial-up or high-speed broadband.
www.techweb.com
OS (Operating System)
The computer's master control program.
www.techweb.com
Driver
A hardware device (typically a transistor) that provides signals or electrical current to activate a transmission line or display screen pixel.
www.techweb.com
IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) A set of programs run from a single user interface. For example, programming languages often include a text editor, compiler and debugger, which are all activated and function from a common menu.
www.techweb.com
Virtual memory
Simulating more memory than actually exists, allowing the computer to run larger programs or more programs concurrently.
www.techweb.com
Fragmentation
Storing data in non-contiguous areas on disk. As files are updated, new data are stored in available free space, which may not be contiguous.
www.techweb.com
Virtual Machine
The name given to various programming language interpreters.
www.techweb.com
Word
Definition
Citation
/
The forward slash, or slash, character (/) is the divide symbol in programming and on calculator keyboards.
www.techweb.com
\
The backslash symbol (\) is used as a separator between folder and file names in DOS, Windows and OS/2 when the full path to a file is written out.
www.techweb.com
@
A commercial at, @, also called an at symbol, an at sign, or just at, is a symbolic abbreviation for the word at.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_(symbol)
~
The tilde is a grapheme.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilda
Phishing
A scam to steal valuable information such as credit card and social security numbers, user IDs and passwords.
www.techweb.com
Worm
A destructive program that replicates itself throughout a single computer or across a network, both wired and wireless.
www.techweb.com
VPN
(Virtual Private Network) A private network that is configured within a public network (a carrier's network or the Internet) in order to take advantage of the economies of scale and management facilities of large networks.
www.techweb.com
PGP
(Pretty Good Privacy) A data encryption program from PGP Corporation, Palo Alto, CA (www.pgp.com).
www.techweb.com
Audit Log
Computer files containing details of amendments to records, which may be used in the event of system recovery being required.
www.dns.co.uk/advisorycentre/glossary/
Availability
The accessibility of a system resource in a timely manner.
www.techweb.com
Buffer Overflow
A common cause of malfunctioning software.
www.techweb.com
Logic Bomb
A program routine that destroys data when certain conditions are met.
www.techweb.com
Social Engineering
Using persuasion and deception to obtain confidential information from someone by phone or in person.

www.techweb.com
Strong Passwords
A password that is hard to detect both by humans and by the computer.
www.techweb.com
Confidentiality
Restrictions on the accessibility and dissemination of information.
www.techweb.com
Authentication
Verifying the integrity of a transmitted message.
www.techweb.com
Virus
Software used to infect a computer.
www.techweb.com
Firewall
Allows or blocks traffic into and out of a private network or the user's computer.
www.techweb.com
Spam
E-mail that is not requested.
www.techweb.com
PKI
(Public Key Infrastructure) A framework for creating a secure method for exchanging information based on public key cryptography.
www.techweb.com
Integrity
The quality of correctness, completeness, wholeness, soundness and compliance with the intention of the creators of the data.
www.techweb.com
Encryption
The reversible transformation of data from the original (the plaintext) to a difficult-to-interpret format.
www.techweb.com
CVS
(Concurrent Versions System) A version control system for Unix that was initially developed as a series of shell scripts in the mid-1980s. CVS maintains the changes between one source code version and another and stores all the changes in one file. It supports group collaboration by merging the files from each programmer.
www.techweb.com
P2P
From user to user. Peer-to-peer implies that either side can initiate a session and has equal responsibility.
www.techweb.com
FTP
(File Transfer Protocol) A protocol used to transfer files over a TCP/IP network (Internet, Unix, etc.).
www.techweb.com
Broadband
High-speed transmission. The term commonly refers to Internet access via cable and DSL, which is as much as 400 times faster than analog dial-up.
www.techweb.com
BitTorrent
A popular file sharing service developed by Bram Cohen that prevents people from downloading constantly unless they are willing to share in the overall transmission load on the network.
www.techweb.com
File Server
A high-speed computer in a network that stores the programs and data files shared by users. It acts like a remote disk drive.
www.techweb.com
LAN
(Local Area Network) A communications network that serves users within a confined geographical area.
www.techweb.com
Ethernet
The standard local area network (LAN) access method.
www.techweb.com
NLR
(National Lambda Rail) The first-ever national switched Ethernet experimental network with circuit-like 1 Gbps services
http://www.nlr.net/
Protocols
The format and procedure that governs the transmitting and receiving of data.
www.techweb.com
TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) A communications protocol developed under contract from the U.S. Department of Defense to internetwork dissimilar systems.
www.techweb.com
Client/Server
An architecture in which the user's PC (the client) is the requesting machine and the server is the supplying machine, both of which are connected via a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN).
www.techweb.com
Backbone
The part of a network that handles the major traffic. It employs the highest-speed transmission paths in the network and may also run the longest distances.
www.techweb.com
HUB
In an Ethernet network, a device to which all clients and servers are wired.
www.techweb.com
Router
A network device that forwards packets from one network to another.
www.techweb.com
Switch
A mechanical or electronic device that directs the flow of electrical or optical signals from one side to the other.
www.techweb.com
Server
A computer system in a network that is shared by multiple users.
www.techweb.com
Wireless-G
A family of IEEE standards for wireless LANs that were designed to extend 802.3 (wired Ethernet) into the wireless domain. Refers to 802.11g technology
www.techweb.com
DNS Server
A dedicated server or a service within a server that provides DNS name resolution in an IP network.
www.techweb.com
ISP
(Internet Service Provider) An organization that provides access to the Internet. Connection to the user is provided via dial-up, ISDN, cable, DSL and T1/T3 lines.
www.techweb.com
ASP
(Application Service Provider) An organization that hosts software applications on its own servers within its own facilities.
www.techweb.com
Deprecated
To make invalid or obsolete by removing or flagging the item.
www.techweb.com
Element
A component: an abstract part of something
wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
Validation
To prove something to be sound or logical. Also to certify conformance to a standard.
www.techweb.com
SGML
(Standard Generalized Markup Language) An ISO standard for defining the format in a text document.
www.techweb.com
XML
(EXtensible Markup Language) An open standard for describing data from the W3C. It is used for defining data elements on a Web page and business-to-business documents.
www.techweb.com
Frameset
The HTML tag that divides a Web page into sections (frames).
www.techweb.com
Strict
Rigorous, rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard
wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
Attribute
In an XML document, a sub element defined within an element.
www.techweb.com
DTD
(Document Type Definition) A language that describes the contents of an SGML document.
www.techweb.com
Well-formed
In the context of XML a document that defines the XML construction rules.
www.hyperglossary.co.uk/terms/defns2z.htm
XHTML
(EXtensible HTML) A markup language for Web pages from the W3C. XHTML combines HTML and XML into a single format (HTML 4.0 and XML 1.0).
www.techweb.com
CSS
A style sheet format for HTML documents endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium.
www.techweb.com
Transitional
Includes presentation attributes and elements that W3C expects to phase out as support for style sheets matures.
http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd
W3C
(World Wide Web Consortium, www.w3.org) An international industry consortium founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee to develop standards for the Web.
www.techweb.com
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